Opportunities and challenges for the adoption of novel platform technologies to develop veterinary bacterial vaccines.

Vaccine platform technologies provide standardised vehicles for the delivery of diverse antigens to elicit specific immune responses. The deployment of these platforms for novel vaccine development is influenced by a wide range of factors that must meet end-user needs for uptake, which includes cost, frequency of delivery and dependency on cold-chain storage. These factors can be identified by constructing a vaccine target product profile (TPP) that helps to direct the research effort towards the desired goal. The COVID-19 pandemic has exemplified how viral vectored and nucleic acid-based platforms can be rapidly deployed for population disease control. While successful for viral vaccines, the applicability of these platforms for bacteria is less well defined. Bacteria present different challenges to vaccine design from viruses due to their diversity and complexity. Other platform technologies are under development to address these challenges. The more we understand about vaccine platforms, the more adaptable they become, particularly for deployment across species with benefits for One Health. A Workshop was held at the 13th International Veterinary Immunology Symposium (IVIS) in South Africa in November 2023 to discuss the opportunities and challenges in deploying novel platform technologies for vaccine development against bacteria, particularly those that are affordable to low-middle income countries (LMICs). We report here on the outcomes of the presentations and discussions at the Workshop, highlighting the gaps and potential solutions through collaborative global efforts.